Madura font download link also available. Madura English Sinhala Dictionary download for windows10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista and Windows XP from below link. Madura English-Sinhala Dictionary Free Download link. Sinhala online Dictionaries, mobile-phone apps and download books May 31, 2014 By Hiran 2 Comments Getting a good English-Sinhala dictionary is important in learning either English or Sinhala.
. Madura Kulatunga. Database: Thibus Initial release 23 November 2002; 16 years ago ( 2002-11-23) Website Madura English–Sinhala Dictionary (: මධුර ඉංග්රීසි–සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය) is a free service developed by Madura Kulatunga. It is available as computer, an online and an app. The dictionary contains over 230,000 definitions including various technical terms.
As of 2016, the dictionary has been downloaded approximately 1,000,000 and ranks 100th most visited sites in Sri Lanka. The dictionary is distributed as. It was initially released on November 23, 2002.
Development Kulatunga, a, wrote a in for an English– dictionary, using the dictionary entries from the English–Sinhalese Dictionary of. The program was marketed from 23 November 2002.
In 2008 he started a free internet version of it, the first online English–Sinhala dictionary. Kulatunga later admitted that he had infringed the of the Malalasekera English–Sinhala dictionary in creating his software, but he said in 2015 that he no longer infringed on copyrights.
References. Kodagoda, Anuradha (17 May 2015).
– Youth Observer. Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited. From the original on 23 November 2018. Upali Newspapers. From the original on 26 June 2015.
Devapriya, Uditha (21 June 2015). Rivira Media Corporation. From the original on 29 July 2016.
Wickramasinghe, Kamanthi (15 July 2015). Wijeya Newspapers. Ceylon Newspapers. 26 July 2015. From the original on 29 July 2016. Karunamuni, Kanchana (8 August 2015).
'Up to date nine lakhs have downloaded Madura Dictionary' Madura Kulatunga. – Features (in Sinhala).
Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited. From the original on 23 November 2018.
– Weekend Leader. Leader Publications. 30 August 2015.
From the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016. Madura English–Sinhala Dictionary creator Madura Kulatunga. – Guru Gedara (in Sinhala).
Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited. 27 September 2015.
From the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2016. – Education Times 2. Wijeya Newspapers.
27 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2016. English language made closer to Sinhalese by 'Madura' (PDF). Rajina – Loka Lama Dinaya (in Sinhala).
Sumathi Newspapers (Pvt) Ltd. 2 October 2015. (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2017. Senanayake, Palitha (18 October 2015). Through electronic media English made closer to Sinhalese by Madura.
– Features (in Sinhala). Upali Newspapers. From the original on 23 November 2018. Rathnaveil, Ravi (18 October 2015). Instead of surrender Madura Dictionary was born fighting.
– Pitu 8 (in Sinhala). Leader Publications. Leader Publications.
1 November 2015. From the original on 23 November 2018. Wanninayaka, Gemunu; Liyanage, Dinithi (13 November 2015). EAP Broadcasting Company Limited.
From the original on 29 July 2016. Business LK Magazine.
1 January 2016. Muthumalie, Aruni (24 January 2016). Defeating astrology effects and developed useful online dictionary for everyone by Madura Kulatunga. – Sithmalyaya (in Sinhala). Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited.
From the original on 23 November 2018. Upali Newspapers. 11 December 2016. Esteem Magazine.
1 April 2017. From the original on 23 November 2018. Ceylon Newspapers.
25 June 2017. From the original on 2 July 2017.
Madura Dictionary creator Madura Kulatunga. Resa – CYBER ROUNDUP (in Sinhala). Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited.
29 January 2018. From the original on 23 November 2018. Devapriya, Uditha (27 September 2018). Wijeya Newspapers. From the original on 23 November 2018. External links. – Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc.
Was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. Operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope.
In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. For at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features.
Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions 2. – A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a computer. A computer requires programs to function, and typically executes the programs instructions in a processing unit. A computer program is written by a computer programmer in a programming language.
From the program in its form of source code, a compiler can derive machine code—a form consisting of instructions that the computer can directly execute. Alternatively, a program may be executed with the aid of an interpreter.
A part of a program that performs a well-defined task is known as an algorithm. A collection of programs, libraries and related data are referred to as software. Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines, such as software or system software.
The earliest programmable machines preceded the invention of the digital computer, in 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised a loom that would weave a pattern by following a series of perforated cards. Patterns could be weaved and repeated by arranging the cards, in 1837, Charles Babbage was inspired by Jacquards loom to attempt to build the Analytical Engine. The names of the components of the device were borrowed from the textile industry. In the textile industry, yarn was brought from the store to be milled, the device would have had a store—memory to hold 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each. Numbers from the store would then have then transferred to the mill. It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards—one to direct the operation and the other for the input variables, however, after more than 17,000 pounds of the British governments money, the thousands of cogged wheels and gears never fully worked together. During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea, the memoir covered the Analytical Engine.
The translation contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers using the Analytical Engine and this note is recognized by some historians as the worlds first written computer program. In 1936, Alan Turing introduced the Universal Turing machine—a theoretical device that can model every computation that can be performed on a Turing complete computing machine and it is a finite-state machine that has an infinitely long read/write tape. The machine can move the back and forth, changing its contents as it performs an algorithm 3.
– Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time, the exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the expression of ideas.
Copyright is a form of property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require fixing copyrighted works in a tangible form and it is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders.
These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements. Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the authors life plus 50 to 100 years, some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing fair exceptions to the exclusivity of copyright. Copyright came about with the invention of the press and with wider literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century, Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, however, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights.
The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which led to the commodification of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se. Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British Statute of Anne gave the rights for a fixed period. The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist and it began, Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing. Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors. To their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families 4.
– An electronic dictionary is a dictionary whose data exists in digital form and can be accessed through a number of different media. But soon the opportunities offered by digital media began to be exploited, bilingual electronic dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries of inflected languages often include an interactive verb conjugator, and are capable of word stemming and lemmatization. Dictionary software generally far exceeds the scope of the hand held dictionaries and these programs can either be downloaded or purchased on CD-ROM and installed. Other dictionary software is available from specialised electronic dictionary publishers such as iFinger, Abbyy Lingvo, Collins-Ultralingua, Mobile Systems and they also have functions other than just dictionary, for example, MP3 player, Video player, web browser, and simple games.
Most of them usually will have a screen, Qwerty keyboard, a speaker, SD card slot. Their functions can even be comparable to smartphones, with the exception of phone capabilities since they do not have radios to make or receive phone calls. Because they are intended to be portable, the dictionaries are battery-powered. Many devices can be expanded for several languages with the purchase of additional memory cards, manufacturers include AlfaLink, Atree, Besta, Casio, Canon, Instant Dict, Ectaco, Franklin, Iriver, Lingo, Maliang Cyber Technology, Compagnia Lingua Ltd. The market size as of 2014 was about 24.2 billion yen, although the market has been shrinking gradually from 2007 because of smartphones, the targeted customer base has been being shifted from business users to students. Sony and Seiko has withdrawn from the market, as of 2015, the Market Share Ranking is below. At 2016, Seiko announced that their mobile apps on iPad iOS has been launched.
Dictionaries of all types are available as apps for smartphones and for tablet computers such as Apples iPad, the BlackBerry PlayBook, there are several types of online dictionary, including, Aggregator sites, which give access to data licensed from various reference publishers. They typically offer monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, one or more thesauruses, examples include Collins Online Dictionary, Duden Online, Larousse bilingual dictionaries, the Macmillan English Dictionary, and the Merriam-Webster Learners Dictionary.
Dictionaries available free from non-commercial publishers, examples include the Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek, and Den Danske Ordbog. Some online dictionaries are regularly updated, keeping abreast of language change, many have additional content, such as blogs and features on new words.
Some are collaborative projects, most notably Wiktionary and the Collins Online Dictionary, and some, like the Urban Dictionary, consist of entries supplied by users. Although they may often be presented in list form without a function, because of the way in which the information is stored and transmitted. There are differences in quality of hardware, software, and dictionary content, some hand helds are more robustly constructed than others, and the keyboards or touch screen input systems should be physically compared before purchase 5. – Microsoft intended Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use.
A programmer can create an application using the components provided by the Visual Basic program itself, over time the community of programmers developed third party components. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, the final release was version 6 in 1998.
On April 8,2008 Microsoft stopped supporting Visual Basic 6.0 IDE, in 2014, some software developers still preferred Visual Basic 6.0 over its successor, Visual Basic. In 2014 some developers lobbied for a new version of Visual Basic 6.0, in 2016, Visual Basic 6.0 won the technical impact award at The 19th Annual D. A dialect of Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications, is used as a macro or scripting language within several Microsoft applications, like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to accommodate a steep learning curve.
Programmers can create simple and complex GUI applications. Since VB defines default attributes and actions for the components, a programmer can develop a program without writing much code.
Programs built with earlier versions suffered performance problems, but faster computers, though VB programs can be compiled into native code executables from version 5 on, they still require the presence of around 1 MB of runtime libraries. Core runtime libraries are included by default in Windows 2000 and later, earlier versions of Windows, require that the runtime libraries be distributed with the executable. Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques, a tool is used to place controls on the form. Controls have attributes and event handlers associated with them, default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on actions or changes in the environment. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc.
Visual Basic can create executables, ActiveX controls, or DLL files, dialog boxes with less functionality can be used to provide pop-up capabilities. Controls provide the functionality of the application, while programmers can insert additional logic within the appropriate event handlers. For example, a drop-down combination box automatically displays a list, when the user selects an element, an event handler is called that executes code that the programmer created to perform the action for that list item.
Alternatively, a Visual Basic component can have no user interface and this allows for server-side processing or an add-in module 6. – Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera, OBE, JP was a Sri Lankan academic, scholar and diplomat. He was the Ceylons first Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Ceylons High Commissioner to Canada and he was the Professor Emeritus in Pali and Dean of the Faculty of Oriental Studies. Born on 9 November 1899 at Malamulla, Panadura as George Pieris Malalasekera, his father was a well-known Ayurvedic physician, Malalasekera was educated at St. Johns College Panadura. It was a school in the English medium in Panadura under the head master Cyril Jansz.
After receiving his education in school from 1907–17, he joined the Ceylon Medical College, Colombo to qualify as a doctor with a Licentiate in Medicine. The death of his father cut short his medical studies, circumstances compelled him to give up his hopes of becoming a medical doctor. By following a course from England, he gained a BA from the University of London External System,1919 with a first division. His subjects were English, Latin, Greek and French and he was the youngest candidate to obtain the Bachelor of Arts degree in the British Empire in that year with a first class. Malalasekera would later gain a DLitt in 1938, his thesis was Pali Literature in Sri Lanka, after gaining his BA he took to teaching at Ananda College, Colombo as an assistant teacher, then under the principal P. Both of them were the architects of the Sinhala national costume, in quick succession Malalasekera rose up the ranks to be the Vice Principal and acting Principal of Ananda College.
Thereafter he left for London for his graduate studies, on his return to the motherland in 1926, he was appointed Principal of newly formed Nalanda College Colombo. The student assembly hall of Nalanda College Colombo is named Malalasekara Theatre in memory of him, shortly afterwards in 1927, he succeeded Ven.
Suriyagoda as lecturer in the then University College, Colombo to lecture in English on Sinhala, Pali, when the University of Ceylon was founded in 1942, he became the Professor of Pali and Head of the Department of Pali. Later he would serve as Dean of the Faculty of Oriental Studies and his research was on Buddhism and Buddhist Civilization was extensive and he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. His contribution by way of research papers and publications to the Pali Text Society of London under the patronage of scholars like Rhys David, from 1927 twice he was elected the Joint Secretary of the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress. Thrice he was the Vice-President and functioned as its President from 1939–1957, during his tenure of office, he saw to it that the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress constructed a new building for its headquarters at Bullers Road. He took a delight in the activities of the Viharamahadevi Girls Home, Biyagama and was responsible for the establishment of boys homes at Panadura, during his presidency of the Buddhist Congress for 25 years, he addressed 20 of its annual sessions. His magnum opus or great work is the famous Gunapala Sinhala-English Dictionary, of equal importance is the Pali dictionary – Sinhala-English 7.
– Sunday Observer is a weekly English-language newspaper in Sri Lanka, published on Sundays. The Sunday Observer and its sister newspapers the Daily News, Dinamina, Silumina and Thinakaran are published by Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, a government-owned corporation.
The paper, which was established in the format in 1928, has roots that date back to 1834 when Sri Lanka was under the British rule. It is the oldest Sri Lankan newspaper in circulation apart from the Government Gazette, the British captured the coastal areas of Sri Lanka in 1796 and had consolidated their power throughout the island by 1818. In 1829 the Colonial Office appointed the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission to evaluate the administration of the country under the Governor of Ceylon, Edward Barnes, the commissions recommendations, presented in 1833, marked the beginning of the modern period of Sri Lanka. One was to launch independent newspapers to limit the sweeping powers enjoyed by the governor, at that time, the only newspaper in circulation was The Government Gazette of Ceylon, which had been published in British-controlled areas in Sri Lanka since 1802. As a result of the recommendations the newly arrived governor, Robert Wilmot-Horton. However it was closed down by the British government in 1833 on the grounds there was a need for an independent newspaper industry. To fill the vacuum created by the dicontinuation of the Colombo Journal, two merchants of Colombo, G.
Ackland and E. Darley, founded a biweekly named The Observer and Commercial Advertiser. This paper, first published on 4 February 1834, was edited by E.
Darley, the paper was charged with libel in the same year for criticising the superintendent of police, but the case was rejected by the courts. Christoper Elliott, who was the colonial surgeon serving at Badulla, was appointed editor-in-chief of the newspaper in 1835, later he changed its name to Colombo Observer.
The paper was critical of the government. At the time of the 1848 Matale Rebellion the newspaper reported that the sacred Tooth Relic in Kandy had been destroyed by the British forces. The paper, which became the first daily in Ceylon by 1873, was slanted towards the planters of central highlands, D. Wijewardena, a business magnate and press baron, bought the Colombo Observer and restored its name as the Ceylon Observer in 1923. Wijewardena ultimately established a network called Lake House consisting of 7 newspapers, Dinamina, Silumina, Ceylon Daily News, Observer, Sunday Observer, Thinakaran. In 1973, the government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike nationalised the company by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Act No.28, a. Premadasa was appointed its first chairman.
The newspaper is now published online as well as in print form and it conducts several competitions annually including Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year. As of February 2012, the paper had a circulation of 175,000 copies per week, the paper comes with an array of supplements, including Financial, Features, Political, Security, Montage, Sports, World, Magazine and Junior 8. – Dinamina is a Sinhala language daily newspaper in Sri Lanka. It is published by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, a government-owned corporation, the newspaper commenced publishing in 1909. It was founded by the Sinhalese scholar H. Perera who acted as both owner and editor-in-chief of the paper at the outset, upon Pereras death in December 1914, D. Wijewardena bought out the company.
It is now owned by the government of Sri Lanka, the newspapers offices were located initially at First Cross Street, Colombo, and was printed at the Lankabhimanava Vishrutha press. Despite the plethora of other newspapers based in the building, it known as the Dinamina Kantoruva in Sinhala. The price of a copy was three cents in Ceylonese rupees at the time it first began circulation, the newspaper is written as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and black and white.
Weekday printings include the section, containing news on national affairs, international affairs, business, political analysis, sports, editorials. Separate sections contain classifieds, and, depending on the city it is distributed in, the current editor-in-chief of the daily is Pushpa Rowel. Pushpa Rowel is the first woman to rise to the rank of the Chief Editor of a Sinhala national newspaper, list of newspapers in Sri Lanka Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Dinamina official website Official Blog 9. – Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean also called Ceylon and many other names. It is about the size of Ireland and it is about 28 kilometres off the south-eastern coast of India with a population of about 20 million. Density is highest in the south west where Colombo, the main port. The net population growth is about 0.
7%, Sri Lanka is ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse. According to the 2012 census the population of Sri Lanka was 20,359,439, the population had grown by 5,512,689 since the 1981 census, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 1. 3,704,470 lived in urban sectors - areas governed by municipal,5,131,666 of the population were aged 14 or under whilst 2,525,573 were aged 60 or over, leaving a working age population of 12,702,700. The mean age was 32 years and the age was 31 years.
The sex ratio was 94 males per 100 females, the fertility rate for married females aged 15 or over was 2.65 live births. There were 5,264,282 households of which 3,986,236 were headed by males and 1,278,046 were headed by females. Of the 15,227,773 aged 15 or over,10,322,105 were married,3,927,602 were never married,792,947 were widowed and 185,119 were divorced or separated. Of those aged 15 or over,7,857,370 were economically active,4,199,558 did housework,1,431,105 were students,914,934 were unable to work and 346,084 were pensioners. 521,938 of the economically active were unemployed,604,540 Sri Lankans were living aboard for more than six months but were intending to return to Sri Lanka, mostly in the Gulf states. The overall literacy rate for those aged 10 and over was 95.
7%, of the 18,615,577 aged 5 or over,499,563 had received a higher education qualification,2,293,841 had passed G. O/L and 700,419 had no formal schooling, the remaining 11,962,352 had left school with no qualifications or were currently at school. The Sinhalese make up 74. 9% of the population and are concentrated in the densely populated south-west, the Sri Lanka Tamils, who live predominantly in the north and east of the island, form the largest minority group at 11. 1% of the population.
The Moors, descendants of Arab traders that settled in Sri Lanka and married local women and they are mostly concentrated in urban areas in the southern parts of the island with substantial populations in the Central and Eastern provinces. During times of Portuguese colonization, Moors were persecuted, and many forced to retreat to the central highlands, there are also Indian Tamils who form a distinct ethnic group comprising 4. 1% of the population. The British brought them to Sri Lanka in the 19th century as tea and rubber plantation workers, and they remain concentrated in the tea country of south-central Sri Lanka 10. – A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol network, such as the Internet, or a local area network. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website for a company.
Websites are typically dedicated to a topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment and social networking to providing news. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web, while private websites, Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language. They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors, Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which may optionally employ encryption to provide security and privacy for the user. The users application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal. Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the site, Some websites require user registration or subscription to access content. As of 2016 end users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, the World Wide Web was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone, before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server.
These protocols offer a directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as text files without formatting. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website. Websites can be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, can be blurred. Websites are written in, or converted to, HTML and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including computers, laptops, PDAs.
A website is hosted on a system known as a web server. These terms can refer to the software that runs on these systems which retrieves 11. – Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in engineering, software design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors. Other institutions may require engineering students to one or two years of General Engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus.
The first computer engineering program in the United States was established at Case Western Reserve University in 1972. As of 2015, there were 238 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the US, in Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies part of the EQANIE network.
Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum, as with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers. There are two major specialties in computer engineering, software and hardware, Computer software engineers develop, design, and test software. They construct, and maintain computer programs, as well as set up such as intranets for companies. Software engineers can design or code new applications to meet the needs of a business or individual.
Some software engineers work independently as freelancers and sell their software products/applications to an enterprise or individual, most computer hardware engineers research, develop, design, and test various computer equipment. This can range from circuit boards and microprocessors to routers, some update existing computer equipment to be more efficient and work with newer software. Most computer hardware engineers work in laboratories and high-tech manufacturing firms.
Some also work for the federal government, according to BLS, 95% of computer hardware engineers work in metropolitan areas. Approximately 33% of their work more than 40 hours a week.
The median salary for employed qualified computer hardware engineers was $100,920 per year or $48.52 per hour, Computer hardware engineers held 83,300 jobs in 2012 in the USA. There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering, examples include work on wireless communications, multi-antenna systems, optical transmission, and digital watermarking. Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks, modulation and error-control coding, high-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation, design and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty 12. – The Island is a daily English-language newspaper in Sri Lanka. It is published by Upali Newspapers, a sister newspaper of Divaina, The Island was established in 1981.
Its Sunday edition, Sunday Island, commenced publishing in 1991, the daily newspaper currently has a circulation of 70,000 and its Sunday edition,103,000 per issue. Its political leaning is toward pro-SLFP articles, list of newspapers in Sri Lanka The Island official website.